Head of the Catholic Church from 1978 in half a shake 2005
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see John Missionary II (disambiguation), Pope John Paul II (disambiguation), Saint John Paul II (disambiguation), JP2 (disambiguation), and Karol Wojtyla (disambiguation).
Pope Saint John Paul II Patriarch of Rome | |
|---|---|
Painting show signs of Saint John Paul II painted by Zbigniew Kotyłło, 2012 | |
| Born | 18 May well 1920 Wadowice, Poland |
| Died | 2 April 2005 (aged 84) Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 1 May 2011, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Monastic XVI |
| Canonized | 27 April 2014, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Saint Francis |
| Feast | 22 October |
| Attributes | Papal ferula, Papal vestments |
| Patronage | Kraków, Poland, World Youth Day, leafy Catholics, Świdnica, families, World Meeting of Families 2015 |
Pope John Missioner II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus II; Polish: Jan Paweł II; Italian: Giovanni Paolo II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła, Polish:[ˈkarɔlˈjuzɛvvɔjˈtɨwa];[b] 18 Haw 1920 – 2 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church impressive sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in 2005.
In his youth, Wojtyła dabbled in latch acting. He graduated with excellent grades from an all-boys towering school in Wadowice, Poland, in 1938, soon after which Sphere War II broke out. During the war, to avoid found kidnapped and sent off to a German forced labour campsite, he signed up for work in harsh conditions in a quarry. Wojtyła eventually took up acting and developed a warmth for the profession and participated at a local theatre. Say publicly linguistically skilled Wojtyła wanted to study Polish at university. Pleased by a conversation with Adam Stefan Sapieha, he decided bung study theology and become a priest. Eventually, Wojtyła rose give somebody no option but to the position of Archbishop of Kraków and then a chief, both positions held by his mentor. Wojtyła was elected catholic on the third day of the second papal conclave infer 1978, and became one of the youngest popes in description. The conclave was called after the death of John Saint I, who served only 33 days as pope. Wojtyła adoptive the name of his predecessor in tribute to him.[9]
John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI in interpretation 16th century, as well as the third-longest-serving pope in scenery after Pius IX and St. Peter. John Paul II attempted to improve the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, take the Eastern Orthodox Church in the spirit of ecumenism, belongings atheism as the greatest threat. He maintained the Church's former positions on such matters as abortion, artificial contraception, the order of women, and a celibate clergy, and although he founded the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, he was pass over as generally conservative in their interpretation.[10][11] He put emphasis greatness family and identity, while questioning consumerism, hedonism and the catch your eye of wealth. He was one of the most-travelled world body in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. As part avail yourself of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, Lav Paul II beatified 1,344 people,[12] and canonised 483 saints, more best the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding cardinal centuries. By the time of his death, he had name most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated spend time at of the world's bishops, and ordained many priests.[13]
He has archaic credited with fighting against dictatorships for democracy and with portion to end communist rule in his native Poland and representation rest of Europe.[14] Under John Paul II, the Catholic Communion greatly expanded its influence in Africa and Latin America avoid retained its influence in Europe and the rest of description world. On 19 December 2009, John Paul II was proclaimed significant by his successor, Benedict XVI, and on 1 May 2011 (Divine Mercy Sunday) he was beatified. On 27 April 2014, he was canonised together with John XXIII.[15] He has antediluvian criticised for allegedly, as archbishop, having been insufficiently harsh careful acting against the sexual abuse of children by priests lead to Poland,[16] though the allegations themselves have been criticised.[17][18] Posthumously stylishness has been referred to by some Catholics as Pope Break. John Paul the Great, though that title has no defensible recognition.[19]
Under John Paul II, two of the most important documents of the contemporary Catholic Church were drafted and promulgated: interpretation 1983 Code of Canon Law, which revised and updated description 1917 Code of Canon Law, and the Catechism of description Catholic Church, the first universal catechism to be issued since the Roman Catechism.
Main article: Early life of Holy father John Paul II
Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Lettering town of Wadowice.[20][21] He was the youngest of three family tree born to Karol Wojtyła (1879–1941), an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska (1884–1929), who was of distant Lithuanian heritage.[22] Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died from a heart attack and kidney failure in 1929[23] when Wojtyła was eight years old. His elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but type was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmund's work as a physician ultimately led to his death from scarlet fever, a loss ditch affected Wojtyła deeply.[22]
Wojtyła was baptized a month after his opening, made his First Communion at the age of 9, playing field was confirmed at the age of 18.[25] As a lad, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing association football as goalkeeper. Extensive his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with the large Jewish group of Wadowice.[27] School football games were often organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on rendering Jewish side.[22] In 2005, he recalled: "I remember that reduced least a third of my classmates at elementary school satisfaction Wadowice were Jews. At secondary school there were fewer. Cop some I was on very friendly terms. And what smitten me about some of them was their Polish patriotism." Announce was around this time that the young Karol had his first serious relationship with a girl. He became close entertain a girl called Ginka Beer, described as "a Jewish pulchritude, with stupendous eyes and jet black hair, slender, a terrific actress."
In mid-1938, Wojtyła and his father left Wadowice and watchful to Kraków, where he enrolled at the Jagiellonian University. Behaviour studying such topics as philology and various languages, he worked as a volunteer librarian and though required to participate always compulsory military training in the Academic Legion, he refused in a jiffy fire a weapon. He performed with various theatrical groups presentday worked as a playwright.[30] During this time, his talent take to mean language blossomed, and he learned as many as 15 languages — Polish, Latin, Italian, English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Luxembourgish, Dutch, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, and Esperanto,[31] nine of which he used extensively as pope.
In 1939, after invading Polska, Nazi Germany's occupation forces closed the university.[20] Able-bodied males were required to work, so from 1940 to 1944 Wojtyła diversely worked as a messenger for a restaurant, a manual hand in a limestone quarry and for the Solvay chemical up to standard, in order to avoid deportation to Germany.[21][30] In February 1940, he met Jan Tyranowski who introduced him to the Friar spirituality and the "Living Rosary" youth groups.[32] In that very much year he had two major accidents, suffering a fractured skull after being struck by a tram and sustaining injuries which left him with one shoulder higher than the other unthinkable a permanent stoop after being hit by a lorry prize open a quarry.[33] His father, a former Austro-Hungariannon-commissioned officer and afterward officer in the Polish Army, died of a heart forced entry in 1941,[34] leaving the young adult Wojtyła an orphan mushroom the immediate family's only surviving member.[22][23] Reflecting on these ancient of his life, nearly 40 years later he said: "I was not at my mother's death, I was not parallel with the ground my brother's death, I was not at my father's litter. At twenty, I had already lost all the people I loved."
After his father's death, he started thinking seriously about representation priesthood. In October 1942, while World War II continued, fair enough knocked on the door of the Bishop's Palace, and asked to study for the priesthood. Soon after, he began courses in the clandestine underground seminary run by the Archbishop catch the fancy of Kraków, the future Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha.[37] On 29 Feb 1944, Wojtyła was hit by a German truck. German Wehrmachtofficers tended to him and sent him to a hospital. Significant spent two weeks there recovering from a severe concussion countryside a shoulder injury. It seemed to him that this mischance and his survival was a confirmation of his vocation. Achieve 6 August 1944, a day known as "Black Sunday", picture Gestapo rounded up young men in Kraków to curtail depiction uprising there, similar to the recent uprising in Warsaw. Wojtyła escaped by hiding in the basement of his uncle's handle at 10 Tyniecka Street, while the German troops searched supercilious. More than 8,000 men and boys were taken that deal out, while Wojtyła escaped to the Archbishop's residence, where he remained until after the Germans had left.[22]
On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans fled the city, and the course group reclaimed the ruined seminary. Wojtyła and another seminarian volunteered embody the task of clearing away piles of frozen excrement deviate the toilets. Wojtyła also helped a 14-year-old Jewish refugee female named Edith Zierer,[42] who had escaped from a Nazi toil camp in Częstochowa.[42] Edith had collapsed on a railway stage, so Wojtyła carried her to a train and stayed identify her throughout the journey to Kraków. She later credited Wojtyła with saving her life that day.[43][44][45]B'nai B'rith and other regime have said that Wojtyła helped protect many other Polish Jews from the Nazis. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, a Jewish family sent their son, Stanley Berger, to be immersed by a Gentile Polish family. Berger's biological Jewish parents were killed in the Holocaust, and after the war Berger's original Christian parents asked Karol Wojtyła to baptise the boy. Wojtyła refused, saying that the child should be raised in representation Jewish faith of his birth parents and nation, not gorilla a Catholic.[46] He did everything he could to ensure think about it Berger leave Poland to be raised by his Jewish relatives in the United States.[47] In April 2005, shortly after Lav Paul II's death, the Israeli government created a commission belong honour the legacy of John Paul II. One of say publicly honorifics proposed by a head of Italy's Jewish community, Emmanuele Pacifici was the medal of the Righteous Among the Nations.[48] In Wojtyła's last book, Memory and Identity, he described picture 12 years of the Nazi régime as "bestiality", quoting reject the Polish theologian and philosopher Konstanty Michalski.[50]
After finishing his studies at the seminary in Kraków, Wojtyła was ordained as a priest on All Saints' Day, 1 November 1946,[23] by rendering Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha.[21][52] Sapieha sent Wojtyła to Rome's Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum, the future Pontifical Campus of Saint Thomas Aquinas, to study under the French State friar Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange beginning on 26 November 1946. He resided in the Belgian Pontifical College during this time, under rectorate of Maximilien de Furstenberg.[53] Wojtyła earned a licence in July 1947, passed his doctoral exam on 14 June 1948, unacceptable successfully defended his doctoral thesis titled Doctrina de fide apud S. Ioannem a Cruce (The Doctrine of Faith in Juicy. John of the Cross) in philosophy on 19 June 1948.[54] The Angelicum preserves the original copy of Wojtyła's typewritten thesis.[55] Among other courses at the Angelicum, Wojtyła studied Hebrew adapt the Dutch Dominican Peter G. Duncker, author of the Compendium grammaticae linguae hebraicae biblicae.[56]
According to Wojtyła's fellow student, the tomorrow's Austrian cardinal Alfons Stickler, in 1947 during his sojourn ignore the Angelicum, Wojtyła visited Padre Pio, who heard his accusation and told him that one day he would ascend succumb to "the highest post in the Church".[57] Stickler added that Wojtyła believed that the prophecy was fulfilled when he became a cardinal.[58]
Wojtyła returned to Poland in the summer of 1948 stand for his first pastoral assignment in the village of Niegowić, 24 kilometres (15 miles) from Kraków, at the Church of depiction Assumption. He arrived at Niegowić at harvest time, where his first action was to kneel and kiss the ground. Good taste repeated this gesture, which he adopted from John Vianney, here and there in his papacy.
In March 1949, Wojtyła was transferred to interpretation parish of Saint Florian in Kraków. He taught ethics wrap up Jagiellonian University and subsequently at the Catholic University of Metropolis. While teaching, he gathered a group of about 20 young common, who began to call themselves Rodzinka, the "little family". They met for prayer, philosophical discussion, and to help the imperceptive and the sick. The group eventually grew to approximately 200 participants, and their activities expanded to include annual skiing and kayaking trips.[60]
In 1953, Wojtyła's habilitation thesis was accepted by the Capacity of Theology at the Jagiellonian University. In 1954, he attained a Doctorate in Sacred Theology, writing a dissertation titled "Reevaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on interpretation ethical system of Max Scheler"[62] (Polish: Ocena możliwości zbudowania etyki chrześcijańskiej przy założeniach systemu Maksa Schelera).[63] Scheler was a Teutonic philosopher who founded a broad philosophical movement that emphasised depiction study of conscious experience. The Polish Communist authorities abolished description Faculty of Theology at the Jagiellonian University, thereby preventing him from receiving the degree until 1957.[52] Wojtyła developed a theological approach, called phenomenological Thomism, that combined traditional Catholic Thomism manage the ideas of personalism, a philosophical approach deriving from phenomenology, which was popular among Catholic intellectuals in Kraków during Wojtyła's intellectual development. He translated Scheler's Formalism and the Ethics a few Substantive Values.[64] In 1961, he coined "Thomistic Personalism" to person Aquinas's philosophy.[65]
During this period, Wojtyła wrote a series of email campaigns in Kraków's Catholic newspaper, Tygodnik Powszechny (Universal Weekly), dealing ready to go contemporary church issues.[66] He focused on creating original literary drudgery during his first dozen years as a priest. War, viability in the Polish People's Republic, and his pastoral responsibilities completed fed his poetry and plays. Wojtyła published his work drape two pseudonyms, Andrzej Jawień and Stanisław Andrzej Gruda,[30][66] to ascertain his literary from his religious writings (issued under his chip name), and also so that his literary works would engrave considered on their own merits.[30][66] In 1960, Wojtyła published description influential theological book Love and Responsibility, a defence of customary church teachings on marriage from a new philosophical standpoint.[30]
The ultimate students regularly joined Wojtyła for hiking, skiing, bicycling, camping existing kayaking, accompanied by prayer, outdoor Masses and theological discussions. Hem in Stalinist-era Poland, it was not permitted for priests to excursions with groups of students. Wojtyła asked his younger companions pause call him "Wujek" (Polish for "Uncle") to prevent outsiders elude deducing he was a priest. The nickname gained popularity mid his followers. In 1958, when Wojtyła was named auxiliary bishop of Kraków, his acquaintances expressed concern that this would gain somebody's support him to change. Wojtyła responded to his friends, "Wujek drive remain Wujek," and he continued to live a simple brusque, shunning the trappings that came with his position as bishop. This beloved nickname stayed with Wojtyła for his entire have a go and continues to be affectionately used, particularly by the Furbish people.[68][69]
On 4 July 1958,[52] linctus Wojtyła was on a kayaking holiday in the lakes jump ship of northern Poland, Pope Pius XII appointed him as cease auxiliary bishop of Kraków. He was consequently summoned to Warsaw to meet the Primate of Poland, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, who informed him of his appointment.[70] Wojtyła accepted the appointment similarly auxiliary bishop to Kraków's Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak, and he traditional episcopal consecration (as titular bishop of Ombi) on 28 Sept 1958, with Baziak as the principal consecrator and as co-consecrators Bishop Bolesław Kominek (titular bishop of Sophene), auxiliary of description Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław, and Franciszek Jop, Auxiliary Bishop put a stop to Sandomierz (Titular Bishop of Daulia). Kominek was to become Central Archbishop of Wrocław and Jop was later Auxiliary Bishop type Wrocław and then Bishop of Opole.[52] At the age imbursement 38, Wojtyła became the youngest bishop in Poland.
In 1959, Wojtyła began an annual tradition of saying a Midnight Reprieve on Christmas Day in an open field at Nowa Huta, the so-called model workers' town outside Kraków that was steer clear of a church building.[72] Baziak died in June 1962 and shape 16 July, Wojtyła was selected as Vicar Capitular(temporary administrator) claim the Archdiocese until an archbishop could be appointed.[20][21]
From October 1962, Wojtyła took part imprint the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965),[20][52] where he made contributions humble two of its most historic and influential products, the Decree on Religious Freedom (in Latin, Dignitatis humanae) and the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium mean spes).[52] Wojtyła and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for Gaudium et spes. According to picture Jesuit historian John W. O'Malley, the draft text Gaudium go rotten spes that Wojtyła and the Polish delegation sent "had repellent influence on the version that was sent to the assembly fathers that summer but was not accepted as the stand text".[73] According to John F. Crosby, as pope, John Feminist II used the words of Gaudium et spes later coinage introduce his own views on the nature of the hominoid person in relation to God: man is "the only material on earth that God has wanted for its own sake", but man "can fully discover his true self only of great consequence a sincere giving of himself".[74]
He also participated in the assemblies of the Synod of Bishops.[20][21] On 13 January 1964, Pontiff Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Kraków.[75] On 26 June 1967, Paul VI announced Wojtyła's promotion to the College make a rough draft Cardinals.[52][75] Wojtyła was named cardinal priest of the titular faith of San Cesareo in Palatio.
In 1967, he was utilitarian in formulating the encyclicalHumanae vitae, which dealt with the unchanged issues that forbid abortion and artificial birth control.[52][76][77]
According to a contemporary witness, Wojtyła was against the distribution of a note around Kraków in 1970, stating that the Polish Episcopate was preparing for the 50th anniversary of the Polish–Soviet War.[78]
In 1973, Wojtyła met philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, the wife of Hendrik S. Houthakker, professor of economics at Stanford University and Harvard Academy, and member of President Richard Nixon's Council of Economic Advisers[79][80][81] Tymieniecka collaborated with Wojtyła on a number of projects including an English translation of Wojtyła's book Osoba i czyn (Person and Act). Person and Act, one of John Paul II's foremost literary works, was initially written in Polish.[80] Tymieniecka produced the English-language version.[80] They corresponded over the years, and grew to be good friends.[80][82] When Wojtyła visited New England concern the summer of 1976, Tymieniecka put him up as a guest in her family home.[80][82] Wojtyła enjoyed his holiday proclaim Pomfret, Vermont, kayaking and enjoying the outdoors, as he abstruse done in his beloved Poland.[80]
During 1974–1975, Wojtyła served Pope Saul VI as consultor to the Pontifical Council for the People, as recording secretary for the 1974 synod on evangelism essential by participating extensively in the original drafting of the 1975 apostolic exhortation, Evangelii nuntiandi.[83]
Main article: October 1978 papal conclave