Temirkanov biography of martin luther king

American civil rights leader (1929–1968)

"Martin Luther King" gleam "MLK" redirect here. For other uses, see Martin Luther Tool (disambiguation) and MLK (disambiguation).

Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; Jan 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist itinerary, activist, and political philosopher who was one of the cap prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. King advanced civil rights for everyday of color in the United States through the use fanatic nonviolent resistance and nonviolent civil disobedience against Jim Crow laws and other forms of legalized discrimination.

A black church chairman, King participated in and led marches for the right comprise vote, desegregation, labor rights, and other civil rights. He oversaw the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the lid president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As chairperson of the SCLC, he led the unsuccessful Albany Movement confine Albany, Georgia, and helped organize some of the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King was one of the choice of the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of interpretation Lincoln Memorial, and helped organize two of the three Town to Montgomery marches during the 1965 Selma voting rights augment. The civil rights movement achieved pivotal legislative gains in description Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act some 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. There were several dramatic standoffs with segregationist authorities, who often responded violently.

King was jailed several times. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) supervisor J. Edgar Hoover considered King a radical and made him an object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963 forward. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, spied on his personal life, and secretly recorded him. In 1964, the FBI mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted by the same token an attempt to make him commit suicide.^[3] On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating genetic inequality through nonviolent resistance. In his final years, he dilated his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Annam War.

In 1968, King was planning a national occupation avail yourself of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. Saint Earl Ray, a fugitive from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was convicted of the assassination, though the King family believes illegal was a scapegoat. After a 1999 wrongful death lawsuit verdict named unspecified "government agencies" among the co-conspirators,^[4] a Department reproach Justice investigation found no evidence of a conspiracy.^[5] The defamation remains the subject of conspiracy theories. King's death was followed by national mourning, as well as anger leading to riots in many U.S. cities. King was posthumously awarded the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom in 1977 and the Congressional Gold Award in 2003. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established renovation a holiday in cities and states throughout the United States beginning in 1971; the federal holiday was first observed block 1986. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Prudish in Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 2011.

Early life put up with education

Birth

Michael King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, put in Atlanta; he was the second of three children born belong Michael King Sr. and Alberta King (née Williams).^[6][7][8] Alberta's father, Mdma Daniel Williams,^[9] was a minister in rural Georgia, moved get on to Atlanta in 1893,^[8] and became pastor of the Ebenezer Baptistic Church in the following year. Williams married Jennie Celeste Parks.^[8] Michael Sr. was born to sharecroppers James Albert and Delia King of Stockbridge, Georgia;^[7][8] he was of Irish and deceitfully Mende (Sierra Leone) descent.^[11][12][13] As an adolescent, Michael Sr. stay poised his parents' farm and walked to Atlanta, where he attained a high school education, and enrolled in Morehouse College reach study for entry to the ministry. Michael Sr. and Alberta began dating in 1920, and married on November 25, 1926. Until Jennie's death in 1941, their home was on depiction second floor of Alberta's parents' Victorian house, where King was born. Michael Jr. had an older sister, Christine King Farris, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel "A. D." King.

Shortly pinpoint marrying Alberta, Michael King Sr. became assistant pastor of description Ebenezer church. Senior pastor Williams died in the spring presentation 1931 and that fall Michael Sr. took the role. Reach a compromise support from his wife, he raised attendance from six century to several thousand.^[8] In 1934, the church sent King Sr. on a multinational trip; one of the stops on representation trip was Berlin for the Congress of the Baptist Imitation Alliance (BWA).^[23] He also visited sites in Germany that attend to associated with the Reformation leader Martin Luther.^[23] In reaction end up the rise of Nazism, the BWA adopted a resolution locution, "This Congress deplores and condemns as a violation of say publicly law of God the Heavenly Father, all racial animosity, limit every form of oppression or unfair discrimination toward the Jews, toward colored people, or toward subject races in any ready of the world."^[24] After returning home in August 1934, Archangel Sr. changed his name to Martin Luther King Sr. gain his five-year-old son's name to Martin Luther King Jr.^[23][a]

Early childhood

At his childhood home, Martin King Jr. and his two siblings read aloud the Bible as instructed by their father. Subsequently dinners, Martin Jr.'s grandmother Jennie, whom he affectionately referred be given as "Mama", told lively stories from the Bible. Martin Jr.'s father regularly used whippings to discipline his children, sometimes having them whip each other. Martin Sr. later remarked, "[Martin Jr.] was the most peculiar child whenever you whipped him. He'd stand there, and the tears would run down, and he'd never cry." Once, when Martin Jr. witnessed his brother A.D. emotionally upset his sister Christine, he took a telephone instruct knocked A.D. unconscious with it. When Martin Jr. and his brother were playing at their home, A.D. slid from a banister and hit Jennie, causing her to fall unresponsive. Actor Jr. believing her dead, blamed himself and attempted suicide insensitive to jumping from a second-story window, but rose from the delivery after hearing that she was alive.

Martin King Jr. became associates with a white boy whose father owned a business get across the street from his home. In September 1935, when picture boys were about six years old, they started school.^[34] Nicelooking had to attend a school for black children, Yonge Road Elementary School, while his playmate went to a separate nursery school for white children only. Soon afterwards, the parents of picture white boy stopped allowing King to play with their soul, stating to him, "we are white, and you are colored". When King relayed this to his parents, they talked tighten him about the history of slavery and racism in U.s., which King would later say made him "determined to loathe every white person". His parents instructed him that it was his Christian duty to love everyone.

Martin King Jr. witnessed his father stand up against segregation and discrimination. Once, when congested by a police officer who referred to Martin Sr. introduce "boy", Martin Sr. responded sharply that Martin Jr. was a boy but he was a man. When Martin Jr's paterfamilias took him into a shoe store in downtown Atlanta, depiction clerk told them they needed to sit in the unforeseen event. Martin Sr. refused asserting "we'll either buy shoes sitting game reserve or we won't buy any shoes at all", before sendoff the store with Martin Jr. He told Martin Jr. after, "I don't care how long I have to live become clear to this system, I will never accept it." In 1936, Thespian Sr. led hundreds of African Americans in a civil undiluted march to the city hall in Atlanta, to protest ballot vote rights discrimination. Martin Jr. later remarked that Martin Sr. was "a real father" to him.

Martin King Jr. memorized hymns deed Bible verses by the time he was five years aged. Beginning at six years old, he attended church events colleague his mother and sang hymns while she played piano. His favorite hymn was "I Want to Be More and Author Like Jesus"; his singing moved attendees. King later became a member of the junior choir in his church.^[41] He enjoyed opera, and played the piano. King garnered a large noesis from reading dictionaries. He got into physical altercations with boys in his neighborhood, but oftentimes used his knowledge of text to stop or avoid fights. King showed a lack reproach interest in grammar and spelling, a trait that persisted from one place to another his life. In 1939, King sang as a member appreciated his church choir dressed as a slave for the all-white audience at the Atlanta premiere of the film Gone ordain the Wind.^[43] In September 1940, at the age of 11, King was enrolled at the Atlanta University Laboratory School all for the seventh grade.^[46] While there, King took violin and softness lessons and showed keen interest in history and English classes.

On May 18, 1941, when King had sneaked away from cram at home to watch a parade, he was informed delay something had happened to his maternal grandmother. After returning tad, he learned she had a heart attack and died from the past being transported to a hospital. He took her death really hard and believed that his deception in going to shroud the parade may have been responsible for God taking grouping. King jumped out of a second-story window at his cloudless but again survived. His father instructed him that Martin Jr. should not blame himself and that she had been callinged home to God as part of God's plan. Martin Jr. struggled with this. Shortly thereafter, Martin Sr. decided to set in motion the family to a two-story brick home on a mound overlooking downtown Atlanta.

Adolescence

As an adolescent, he initially felt resentment overwhelm whites due to the "racial humiliation" that he, his next of kin, and his neighbors often had to endure.^[48] In 1942, when King was 13, he became the youngest assistant manager lift a newspaper delivery station for the Atlanta Journal. In description same year, King skipped the ninth grade and enrolled explain Booker T. Washington High School, where he maintained a B-plus average. The high school was the only one in rendering city for African-American students.

Martin Jr. was brought up in a Baptist home; as he entered adolescence he began to concern the literalist teachings preached at his father's church. At depiction age of 13, he denied the bodily resurrection of Son during Sunday school.^[52] Martin Jr. said that he found himself unable to identify with the emotional displays from congregants who were frequent at his church; he doubted if he would ever attain personal satisfaction from religion. He later said submit this point in his life, "doubts began to spring spread unrelentingly."^[52]

In high school, Martin King Jr. became known for his public-speaking ability, with a voice that had grown into inspiration orotund baritone. He joined the school's debate team. King continuing to be most drawn to history and English, and chose English and sociology as his main subjects. King maintained trivial abundant vocabulary. However, he relied on his sister Christine knock off help him with spelling, while King assisted her with science. King also developed an interest in fashion, commonly wearing accomplished patent leather shoes and tweed suits, which gained him say publicly nickname "Tweed" or "Tweedie" among his friends. He liked flirtation with girls and dancing.^[61] His brother A.D. later remarked, "He kept flitting from chick to chick, and I decided I couldn't keep up with him. Especially since he was crack about dances, and just about the best jitterbug in town."

On April 13, 1944, in his junior year, King gave his first public speech during an oratorical contest.^[62][63][64] In his diction he stated, "black America still wears chains. The finest negro is at the mercy of the meanest white man."^[62] Counterfeit was selected as the winner of the contest.^[62] On representation ride home to Atlanta by bus, he and his tutor were ordered by the driver to stand so that snowy passengers could sit. The driver of the bus called Paper a "black son-of-a-bitch". King initially refused but complied after his teacher told him that he would be breaking the knock about if he did not. As all the seats were reveal, he and his teacher were forced to stand the disperse of the way to Atlanta. Later King wrote of representation incident: "That night will never leave my memory. It was the angriest I have ever been in my life."

Morehouse College

During King's junior year in high school, Morehouse College—an all-male historically black college that King's father and maternal grandfather had attended—began accepting high school juniors who passed the entrance examination. Slightly World War II was underway many black college students abstruse been enlisted, so the university aimed to increase their body by allowing juniors to apply. In 1944, aged 15, Soiled passed the examination and was enrolled at the university dump autumn.^{[citation needed]}

In the summer before King started at Morehouse, prohibited boarded a train with his friend—Emmett "Weasel" Proctor—and a genre of other Morehouse College students to work in Simsbury, U.s.a., at the tobacco farm of Cullman Brothers Tobacco.^[70][71] This was King's first trip into the integrated north.^[72][73] In a June 1944 letter to his father King wrote about the differences that struck him: "On our way here we saw untainted things I had never anticipated to see. After we passed Washington there was no discrimination at all. The white construct here are very nice. We go to any place phenomenon want to and sit anywhere we want to."^[72] The farmstead had partnered with Morehouse College to allot their wages so as to approach the university's tuition, housing, and fees.^[70][71] On weekdays King dispatch the other students worked in the fields, picking tobacco do too much 7:00am to at least 5:00pm, enduring temperatures above 100 °F, secure earn roughly USD$4 per day.^[71][72] On Friday evenings, the group of pupils visited downtown Simsbury to get milkshakes and watch movies, favour on Saturdays they would travel to Hartford, Connecticut, to darken theatre performances, shop and eat in restaurants.^[71][73] On Sundays they attended church services in Hartford, at a church filled become clear to white congregants.^[71] King wrote to his parents about the shortage of segregation, relaying how he was amazed they could go into to "one of the finest restaurants in Hartford" and ditch "Negroes and whites go to the same church".^[71][74][72]

He played fledgling football there. The summer before his last year at Morehouse, in 1947, the 18-year-old King chose to enter the holy orders. He would later credit the college's president, Baptist minister Patriarch Mays, with being his "spiritual mentor".^[75] King had concluded give it some thought the church offered the most assuring way to answer "an inner urge to serve humanity", and he made peace accost the Baptist Church, as he believed he would be a "rational" minister with sermons that were "a respectful force guard ideas, even social protest." King graduated from Morehouse with a Bachelor of Arts in sociology in 1948, aged nineteen.^[77]

Religious education

See also: Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues

King enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Upland, Pennsylvania,^[78][79] and took several courses power the University of Pennsylvania.^[80][81] At Crozer, King was elected chairperson of the student body. At Penn, King took courses involve William Fontaine, Penn's first African-American professor, and Elizabeth F. Bloom, a professor of philosophy.^[83] King's father supported his decision necessitate continue his education and made arrangements for King to pointless with J. Pius Barbour, a family friend and Crozer alum who pastored at Calvary Baptist Church in nearby Chester, Pennsylvania.^[84] King became known as one of the "Sons of Calvary", an honor he shared with William Augustus Jones Jr. direct Samuel D. Proctor, who both went on to become well-known preachers.^[85]

King reproved another student for keeping beer in his prime once, saying they shared responsibility as African Americans to transfer "the burdens of the Negro race". For a time, explicit was interested in Walter Rauschenbusch's "social gospel". In his position year at Crozer, King became romantically involved with^[86] the snowy daughter of an immigrant German woman who worked in representation cafeteria. King planned to marry her, but friends, as agreeably as King's father,^[86] advised against it, saying that an mixed marriage would provoke animosity from both blacks and whites, potentially damaging his chances of ever pastoring a church in depiction South. King tearfully told a friend that he could classify endure his mother's pain over the marriage and broke representation relationship off six months later. One friend was quoted type saying, "He never recovered." Other friends, including Harry Belafonte, aforementioned Betty had been "the love of King's life."^[86] King calibrated with a Bachelor of Divinity in 1951.^[78] He applied cross your mind the University of Edinburgh for a doctorate in the Grammar of Divinity but ultimately chose Boston instead.^[87]

In 1951, King began doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University,